作者:杨捷 来源: 发布时间:2004年07月01日 点击数:
近几年的NMET单项选择填空题的命题原则是:“突出语境,强化语意,强调运用”。此类题型的设置旨在测试考生基础知识在特定语境中的应用,词法、习语的识记与理解以及语用能力。由于高考是选拔性的测试,所以单项填空题有一定的难度,且难度有逐年加大的趋势,这使得考生在此类题目上费时较多又得分率不高。因此,在指导学生应试高考单选题时,我采用了以下十种巧做单选题的方法。
一、领会语境 , 推敲语意
近年来,NMET单项选择题的题干信息足,语言真实、地道,不是简单地考查语法项目,而是结合语境、语意考查不同的语法项目。解此类题时,应整体理解,领会语境,推敲语意,探明隐含信息。
例1:—Why didn't you ring me up?
—I would have,but I ____ your telephone number.
A.have forgotten B.had lost C.forgot D.would have lost
此题描述的语言环境是:A问B当时为什么没给他打电话。B回答说,当时原本想打电话,只是忘记了电话号码,由下文的语言环境判断,答案为C。
巩固练习:
1.--Do you have ______ at home now, Stella?
--No, we still have to get several pounds of fruit and some tea.
A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing
2.--Is ______ here ?
---No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
A. anybody B. everybody C, somebody D. nobody
3 .---Are the new rules working?
---Yes. _____ books are stolen.
A. Few B. More C. Some D. None
4.--Where are my glasses? I can' t find them anywhere.
--You_____ them in the bedroom,I'm afraid.
A. must have forgotten B. may have forgotten C. may have left D. must have left
5.--Does he speak French or Cerman?
--He speaks . But he knows some Japanese.
A. both B. neither C. none D. either
6.---Excuse me. Where is Mr Brown' s office, please?
--It's on the third floor. But he there now. He has gone to the airport to meet some Chinese friends.
A. should be B. mustn' t be C.might be D.can't be
7.--Does Jim do his new job well?
-- his old job. How stupid! I fear there is no hope for him.
A. No better than B. Not better than C. Not so well as D. Not as well as
8.--Look! What are those boys doing _____the table?
--Well, they're playing cards.
A. on B. around C. under D. beside
9.--Mr Smith didn't come last night,did he?
--No. We for him. A whole night was wasted.
A.couldn’t have waited B. needn' t have to wait
C. didn't need to wait D. needn' t have waited
10.--I'm sorry that I shouldn't have been so angry with you.
--You __ angry, but that's OK.
A. have been B. are C. had been D. were
11.--This afternoon or tomorrow morning? What are you talking about?
--We're talking about __ visit the Science Museum.
A. how to B. where to C. when to D. what to
二、拆分化简查明主线
拆分就是把一个长句拆分成两个或两个以上的简单句,化简就是去掉附加信息成分,把复合句简化为简单句。通过拆分化简,查明主线,推敲各个成分,使句子完整通顺,符合语法和逻辑。
例2:—We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.
—What do you suppose ____ to her?
A.was happening B.to happen C.has happened D.have happened
“do you suppose”为插入语。去掉插入语,这样就把复杂的特殊疑问句变为了简单的特殊疑问句。可以看出What是句子的主语,目的在于选择谓语动词。上句现在完成时语境提供了C选项正确的依据。
三、结合背景选词地道
单选试题的设置增加了综合性与语境化的因素,特别强调了考查考生对英语国家及其文化背景了解程度方面的知识。
例3:—Waiter!
—___________
—I can't eat this.It's too salty.
A.Yes,sir?B.What? C.All right?D.Pardon?
考生很可能受汉语习惯的干扰,错选B或D。首句是顾客叫服务员。按英美人的习惯,在回答呼叫时,常用 What's the mattter?/ Wait a moment./Yes,sir?等答语。故A是最佳选项。
例4:—I believe we've met somewhere before.
—No,_______.
A.it isn't the same B.it can't be true C.I don't think so D.I'd rather not
考生阅读后发现回答者并不同意“我们以前在哪里见过面”这一观点,因而很容易受母语(汉语)思维的影响,误选B。而根据英语国家的语言习惯应采取“I don't think so.”(我并不这样认为。)这一比较委婉的说法。
四、根据语意活用时态
高考试题中考查时态时多以对话形式出现,着重对语法知识、语意理解和语言交流能力的综合考查。因此,考生应注意语法知识与语言环境的结合,准确掌握时态在不同语境中的灵活运用。
例5:—Is this raincoat yours?
—No,mine ____ there behind the door.
A.is hanging B.has hung C.hangs D.hung
此题虽没有给出时间状语,但根据语境和文中所提供的时间信息,可以看出答案应用现在进行时态表达。所以A为正确答案。
例6:—Nancy is not coming tonight.
—But she ____ !
A.promises B.promised C.will promise D.had promised
对话上句提供的语境是“今晚不会来”,答句中连词But引出转折话题,句末感叹号表达答话人的惊奇情绪,“可是她答应过啊!”指发生过的动作,用一般过去时。
五、捕捉信息词找出突破口
确定单选题的正确选项,捕捉信息词是解题的一大要素。考生要判断命题人要考查哪个知识点,缩小思考范围,以最快的速度找出解题的突破口。
例7:—Do you feel like ____ in bed on Sundays?
—Yes,but I'm always too busy so.
A.to lie;doing B.lie;doing C.lying;doing D.lying;to do
此题中的feel like和too为信息词。feel like后要求接名词、动名词等作宾语,所以排除A、B两个选项。“too+adj.+to...”结构中 to后接动词原形,故答案为D。
例8:—Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
—I'm afraid ____ day is possible.
A.either B.neither C.some D.any
从题干中or一词,我们可以知道是从 Monday和Tuesday中选一天,故先排除C、D两项,又从I'm afraid的意思再作判断,答案就是B。
六、运用还原法再现真面目
“还原法”非常适合用来解复合句,尤其是定语从句试题。
例9:He made another wonderful discovery,_____ of great importance to science.
A.which I think is B.which I think it is
C.which I think it D.I think which is
解此题时我们可以先把题中的这个非限制性定语从句还原成一个简单句:I think it is of great importance to science.我们知道,在定语从句里要用关系词来取代与先行词内容相同的成分,故此句中的it已被which代替。由此可知,含it的B、C两项应排除。D项的关系代词位置错了,也可排除。故只能选A。
七、补充省略成分确定正确选择
对于解答省略句结构类试题,我们可以采取先把省略的成分补充完整后再来确定答案的做法。
例10:_____ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A.Were B.Should C.Would D.Will
此题考查与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的省略倒装结构。我们首先将它补充完整,使之成为一个正常的虚拟条件从句:If it should /were to rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.省略if后要用倒装句:Should it rain(Were it to rain),we...若选A项,则题干中it后应加to,C、D不可用于将来虚拟条件从句中,故均排除。答案只可选B。
例11:If ____ the same treatment again,he is sure to get well.
A.giving B.give C.given D.being given
此题是一个省略了主语和部分谓语的条件状语从句,在解题时我们可将省略的成分补充完整,此句便成为:Ifhe is given the same treatmentagain...在改成简单句时,划线部分要省略,连词if也可省略。因此C为正确答案。
八、合并句子完整理解
合并即将两个分散的句子或对话中的句子组合成一个完整的句子,这样有利于全面理解,从而达到选择正确选项之目的。
例12:—Mum,why do you always make me eatan egg every day?
—_____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A.Get B.Getting C.To get D.To be getting
此题的完整回答应为:You eat an egg every day to get enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.答语在句中作目的状语。因此正确答案是C。
九、熟悉交流用语推理情景反应
在交流语命题中,有时依靠语境营造出某一概念的思维空间,使上下句间接地却又密切保持着逻辑联系。
例13:—Can I get you a cup of tea?
—__________ .
A.That's very nice of you B.With pleasure C.Thank you for the tea D.You can,please
此题为交流用语,是B对A提供的情景作出反应。茶还没端来,故排除C。B的“With pleasure”(没问题,可以)在回答别人请你帮忙的时候用。问句中的can并不表示“能力”,所以排除D。故选A,相当于It's verykind of you之意。
例14:—When can Icome for the photos?Ineed them tomorrow afternoon.
—They ____ be ready by 12:00.
A.can B.should C.might D.need
本题旨在考查情态动词的用法。D不合语境,can / might+be虽可表示现在或将来的可能性,但意义“可能……”在语境中欠佳,不是店方令顾客最为满意的答复。故选B,should(照理说,该是……)表示的可能性大些,与by呼应,是使顾客满意的承诺。
十、注意英汉差异,排除定势干扰
注意英语与汉语文化的差异,避免定势思维干扰。所谓定势思维,就是习惯性地遵循某一单一模式进行的思维。考生应尽可能多地了解西方的文化背景、风俗和思维习惯,避免中国式英语,特别在做情景交流题的时候,要基于礼貌、委婉的语气去选择符合英语习惯的答案。
例15:I'll look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little ____ .
A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest
本题选C正确。学生易受汉语思维影响而误选A,D,但在英语中并无have a wait的表达法,have a rest意为“休息”,不符合上下文的语境。选错答案的主要原因是学生未能养成用英语思维的习惯,对语境缺乏必要的理解,英语语感不强。
例16:—I'd like to invite you to dinner this Saturday, Mr Smith.
—___________ .
A.Oh,no.Let's not B.I'd rather stay at home
C.I'm very sorry,but I have other plans D.Oh,no.That'll be too much trouble
在英语中表示接受邀请时常用Yes,I'd love /liketo.或Yes,I'd like that.或Yes,it's very kind /nice of you.等。在表示不接受邀请时,一般不直接拒绝,而常用I'm sorry,I...或I'm afraid I...或I'd love /like to,but...等委婉的方式(省略部分中表示不接受邀请的理由)。本题A、D选项是汉语习惯,B不是委婉、礼貌的语气,故C是正确答案。